Organizational analysis

IntroductionThis faculty had widened my position of organisations and their values. With a portfolio from operations background in a BPO sector managing more than 30 employees, I happen to understand certain facet for many of our employees feedback and what was truly dawdling behind in that organisation. I even had submitted one page papers to my Director explicating about the seniors which the organisation has to be looked into instantly. Working in this faculty along with my group had besides helped me to understand the existent clip scenario of the international office organisation which we had worked on.An Overview Of The AnalysisWhen we happen to inquire for the assignment to run into the International offices Director, we were truly excited to cognize what truly the organisation is all about, understanding the major work of the office being into international pupil enlisting which was entirely known on this organisation there were more important functions which this organisatio n was all about. Initially, our group had decided to direct out three people to run into him, but we had a back autumn when we had a notice that he was non available, and the worst which affected us was that he will be back merely after a hebdomad and this created a confusion within all of us. I took the undertaking of outlining out the inquirer which had to be passed on to the employees of the organisation ; my past experience had helped me to get the better of this degree, as I was responsible for carry oning studies from my employees about the degree of occupation satisfaction and feedbacks on the assignments they were assigned to. Sing the strength of work burden they have, I decided to set down merely 10 inquiries which would turn to most of our research about their work. I took the chief countries of occupation satisfaction, environment of the work topographic point, communicating degrees within the organisation, impact on any alterations. I besides decided to set on an unfast ened inquiry so that any inquiry or feedback on their ego ‘s can be obtained which can assist us understand the engagement on their occupation. Normally if this feedback has to be completed on a completion most of the participants would merely make full in the inquirer with the possible replies quickly and would go through it on dorsum to us. If the participants truly bask these 0858009 3 inquirers they would set down some of the remarks or some of their inquiries which can be raised on a whole for the direction to reply or to most allow them cognize of some developments go oning without the notice of the direction. I was heated up with the conversation of my group when at the last, that merely two individuals can run into the Director. Then as a group we decided that I stay back and to enter the inquiries which were being asked to him and reproduce it for us to analysis. I was despairing to see the international office, I accompanied my squad to the office, the first feeling it gave me was surprising, beside all our expatiation of a high terminal office floor, it was an unfastened office floor where everything was so seeable and we could finally number the figure of employees in the floor. There were more surprises to add on when we wanted to cognize the office of the Director ; we were directed towards a corner of a room on an unfastened tabular array, so it was my squad who took on the show so on and I returned back waiting thirstily to cognize the consequence of the meeting and the replies which were to be spoken out. The more inspiring chance was the chance to analyze in world a life-size organisation. We had a enormous answer from the Director ; he had given us the terminal to stop operation of the organisation, the first meeting had given us replies to all the inquiries which we were waiting to screen it out. This organisation was non merely involved in international pupil personal businesss but there were other countries like institutional dealingss which was involved in with other external universities and their plans, so being the international dealingss which was responsible for MOU with other educational establishments across the Earth, this section was besides active for pupil exchange plans. This had made me revise the inquirer which had to be handed out to employees as it had a broad spectrum of events to be covered. After obtaining the completed inquirer we had similar replies on all of them, we had an overview of the section but this was wholly different on how every employee had similar position.Framwork EmployedW had given 7 ‘s theoretical account on bases of our appraisal as the sections with the organisation was interlinked to each other, they were independent but was bounded like magnets with each other and the degree of motive could be felt by the responses we had go t. They were given lost of chance to go, common 0858009 4 answerability for each other and high degree of occupation satisfaction was clearly seeable. Motivation has played a really of import facet as everyone was towards a common ends, this was one of the section which had been responsible for Warwick ‘s growing. I had understood that they all had the occupation features with skill diverseness, undertaking individuality was significance and feedback was communicated decently with each other on clip. Key emotional edge prevailed with each other for their distinguishable duty and clear cognition result of the work they were into their corresponding countries. All the struggles within them were sorted out with treatments. Furthermore their squad ‘s size was kept little for effectual communicating. The chief alteration had been after their new Director taking the physical barriers between them which had efficaciously brought in the alteration ; this has besides given them the capableness to interact any issue straight with him, intern determination devising was left on everyone and this had given all the employees to move independently for faster resolution of issues. To brief of what, I had formulated on this research are every employee found his occupation disputing instead than routine as everyday he had new occupations to be to be refined off. Communication within the organisation is so intense that everyone is able to track of their work and feedback of their procedure is being maintained in high degrees. They were able to carry through their given undertakings within their office hours alternatively of working on with the excess hours and even they did n't mind to work on the excess hours to finish their occupations. Without an effectual inducement plan in topographic point everyone was keen on their work or responsibilities given to them and everyone was keen on the growing of the organisation instead than that of their personal growing, this had brought in a degree of dedication towards their organisational growing. With an unfastened office scenario every work of them had a alteration to be overlook and this besides provided an insecure e nvironment on personal attempts being put in topographic point. They besides have a occupation apprehension which can non be brought out as a insouciant work since they are being monitored openly some one or the other on the whole. They have are forced to work on certain fortunes which they can remain off from as it their unfastened work topographic point, even a smiling is forced on them, as that is what the inquirer has reflected back to us, Since all the inquirer had the same response or similar response without transporting a appropriate reply, this looks like a forced reply. Furthermore we had been provided to interview merely one employee on the entire squad of 33 members, and that interview had a twofold positive response and every organisation should or will hold a unfavorable judgment factor on their desk to do it a perfect one.DecisionTo reason with the research on this organisation a strong motive of the bounded within every employee and this act as a drive force within t hem to execute and the degree of dedication which this leading has brought in has had an influence on every employee to keep it for the group end or success of the organisation. To acquire people on a same aim to carry through widespread end is a singular attempt of the Director. The chief drawback of this is shall ensue when a image perfect portrayal is swirled on a issue which they face and when they are non able to manage it out. This section has proved to be a success narrative and every employee had resulted towards its success, and the chief factors would be motive and teamwork. Leadership manner has influenced the occupation profile of every one, which had even drafted to the degree of feedback to be on a common appraisal. This degree of bonding has been a major factor to convey in such high degree of victory towards the university on an international degree within a short clip. If this bonding continues, it shall take to the growing of different stage of the university.

Personal Statement: Expo Reading and Writing

I'm not a leader In ASB for the awards or admiration, although I respect those few who do choose to lead for the credibility. I don't lead for the satisfaction, although my never ending smile at the end of a good rally indicates otherwise. I don't lead because I have anything to prove, although I've proven a lot to myself along the way. I lead for the feeling of every student on my campus becoming one, so perfectly matched In school spirit and school pride.I lead to feel the rush of my heart every ime I see a sea of orange and hear the deafening cheer of the crowd. I lead because it Isn't easy to get thousands In a school Involved I lead for the challenge to fill the stands at every rally fill and to fill every seat at any blood drive. I am a leader in ASB to get my message across so know I left a legend when I turn to leave for college. I not only lead for myself, but for my fellow students as well, my family and my equals.Prompt 2 I was working on a school project when I got a call from my dad saying he was coming right away to come pick me up, I remember the sheathing anger I felt arguing hat no he wasnt going to pick me up that I really needed to flnlsh this school project. I still shake my head in dismay knowing the fact I in fact didnt need to finish the project I Just wanted to hang out with my friends. I cant pretend that I didnt sulk my way to my dad's waiting vehicle that I looked at him with a scowl across my face.Nor can I wipe away from my memory the words he said next mfour sister is in the hospital, she's lost her baby and she's asking for you. † This complete wash of emotion that came over me the shame the concern I was mortified with myself. How could I ave been so mad about my Importance when my sister had Just faced a devastating event? Looking up and saying â€Å"Take me to her. † The drive to the hospital was long I sat in a seat of despair. What would I say to my sister? How would I face her? ye never been one to be comfortabl e around sadness; my childhood had been stripped of innocence as I had faced several of my mother's divorces and countless deaths. I had taught myself to be unemotional towards sickness and sorrow for they brought never ending hurt and unmasked truths to lies. Should I cry when I knew my eyes would be dry? Going into my sisters hospital room I looked from her so fragile and upset to my mother's face streaked with tears. My meek voice barely audible above the beeping of many machines â€Å"Hey there. Was it wrong that I felt uncomfortable around all the sickness and gloom that came hand in hand with hospitals, like I could feel the reaper in every corner? All I could do was make Jokes when it wasnt time to laugn, my attempt to Drlng napplness wnere none could De Touna. loucn my sister's hand while asking myself â€Å"Am I doing this right? † My dad wouldn't stop looking at me after we left constantly asking are you alright? Calculating and recording every answer every movemen t I made.Truth is I don't know if I was alright I didn't know if I was allowed to be. My sister has never really been the same since that event, but then again no one else has been either. My mom cherishes us children a little bit more. My sister cherishes those who supported her and held her hand through the situation. And l, well I cherish my family every second of every day. â€Å"Life is fragile†, a saying used in many ways, but one doesn't really know how fragile a life is until youVe been there to see its fragility.

Leadership Appoach – Mahinda Rajapaksa

Mankind Chanting† (Mankind Vision, 2005), a document that reflected his villous was welcomed by thousands of fellow citizens In 2005. This Is an example of his valorously leadership style. â€Å"My dream Is that of a free nation, a land In harmony with nature, a prosperous tomorrow, and a virtuous man†; these words of his was able to maintain high popularity and public approval as his villous appealed to the core values of the Sir Lankan public. Being a charismatic leader, Rajahs paid close attention to his image in the public.He portrayed an optimistic outlook and charismatic personality to draw the attention of the public. Moral leadership accompanied with high emotional intelligence was another dimension of Arkansas leadership. He placed strong trust in his team and prioritize morally correct decisions over presidential popularity. This biography about Mankind Rajahs will highlight the practical use of relevant leadership concepts and theories. Rajahs is a visionary l eader. Awakening Sir Lankan from the challenges of 27 year civil war, he set out his vision for Sir Lankan in his very first presidential election speech.Harper (1991 characterizes visionary thinking as a process whereby executives are encouraged to extend their time horizons beyond the typical planning cycle. Rashness's speech appealed to the masses and presented an idealized view of what the future of Sir Lankan beholds. His patriotism to the country is always reflected in his speeches. â€Å"This earth and its vegetation are yours. But they should be protected not only for your benefit but also for the benefit of future generations. A ruler is only a temporary trustee not an owner of your children's heritage† (Rajahs, 2005).These words set a wave of national pride and belonging in the country and developed a Sino in every Sir Lankan mind. Thousands of individuals Joined Sir Lankan forces to save the country from terrorists. Through his vision, Rajahs was able to connect wi th the core values of the Sir Lankan public such as defending freedom and hope. As he promised, early in the fourth year of his first six-year term, Rajahs etched his name In the records of Sir Lankan history as the national leader who ended a thirty year long war against the forces of separatist terrorism that threatened the sovereignty and territorial Integrity of the country.He united the country under the ingle national flag by withstanding International pressure for a ceasefire with terrorists. He gave leadership to defeat the most ruthless terrorist organization In the world, bringing a new political vision that seeks both development and reconciliation to build a â€Å"New Sir Lankan† nation. Since, Rajahs fulfilled the dream January 2010. Souses & Poster (2009) stated that to be a successful leader it is necessary to create a shared vision. Rajahs further extended his vision of developing the country with â€Å"Thru Washstands† (Northern Spring) project.It is a special initiative after the war to expedite development in the North. This program allowed northern Tamil partners to Join in the country's progress. Rashness's vision gave Sir Lankan a direction into the future. The multiple dimensions of his vision statement set a benchmark for a good vision. Rashness's vision statement reflects that a good vision must be simple and direct, must be flexible, inclusive and optimistic and consistent with the intended audience's values. Rashness's visionary leadership is a defining characteristic of his success in politics as president of the Sir Lankan.To emerge as a popular leader of the country, Rajahs further exhibited harmonistic leadership to instill belief of the people in his abilities. Sandburg and Norman (2011) describe charismatic leaders as people who possess an unusual power of attraction. Rajahs is a charismatic leader. Throughout his parliament career, until appointed as minister, he continued his law practice in southern province of Sir Lankan. This kept him in the public eye and managed to gain a reputation amongst the community as a lawyer. He was a strong believer in the art of public relations.John, Marina, & Sue (2011) suggest that charisma can be taught and that it has an effect on leader outcomes. Rajahs used various techniques to build his charisma. Rajahs projected himself with an optimistic outlook to draw fondness from the Sir Lankan public. Rajahs appeared in public as a son to all mothers and as a friend to all citizens. He always has an optimistic smile, enthusiasm and almost casual yet serious demeanor. Other factors that contributed to his charisma are his dressing style and his personification in the media. He is usually dressed in Sir Lankan traditional dress even when attending international meetings.This is to show his patriotism towards the nation and portray Sir Lankan culture to international community. Sandburg and Norman (2011) as well as the lessons learnt from Rashness's careers refl ect that charisma can be learnt and plays an important role in the success of a leader. They suggest that all charismatic leaders emerge in times of crisis and present their followers with a mission and a path to achieve it. Being charismatic is a leadership trait that allows leaders to attract people and create a following with an almost supernatural authority (Sandburg & Norman, 2011).Apart from being charismatic, Rajahs also exhibited moral leadership. Moral leadership accompanied by his high emotional intelligence made Rajahs a popular leader. He was able to achieve intense devotion from his subordinates by ‘being a friend, but not a pal'. He placed a lot of trust in his team and believed that the team you put together to surround and advice you said a lot about your leadership. Following his election, Rajahs personally interviewed some of his staff to ensure he had the best people for the Job.As mentioned in Economist (2010), he put blinded trust in his brothers and belie ved that to maintain power he always need people whom he can unconditionally trust. His brother lieutenant Colonel Gotcha Rajahs greatly supported him to win the civil war and now manage many development projects throughout the country as the Defense Secretary of Sir Lankan. Rajahs constantly uses his emotional intelligence and moral leadership to make understanding your own and other people's emotional makeup, what motivates them and how to work cooperatively with them.Strong following and support from his team and the Sir Lankan public is a clear example of Rashness's high Emotional I. Q. Standing up to the rights of Sir Lankan Tamil amidst the civil rights movement is an example of Rajahs practicing moral leadership at risk of his presidential popularity. In addition, while defining Sir Land's vision to unite under one flag, Rajahs practiced moral leadership by refraining from high power weapons such as air strikes in last stage of Civil war against the terrorists. This decision of his saved thousands of civilian lives and also lives of terrorists.These key incidents are a clear reflection on Rashness's high emotional intelligence and moral leadership traits. His leadership sends a message that moral and intelligent leadership can create strong following and guide the leader in difficult situations. Rashness's leadership traits made him a successful leader with the highest presidential approval from the public in his tenure. His visionary leadership style is in alignment with my personal leadership traits. I regularly use techniques such as visualization to personally motivate myself and achieve my personal goals.Vision provides inspiration and in the case of Rajahs provided him the ability to connect with the public that was in need of a new peaceful future. Rashness's charismatic leadership is noteworthy. Followers seek someone they can idealize Road, Brown, Terrine, & Finniest, 2013) ND through the techniques used by Rajahs this can be achieved. Emotiona l Intelligence is really important in the success of a leader. From the stories of Rashness's regime, practicing moral leadership with high emotional intelligence can be beneficiary in guiding the leader in difficult situations.Rashness's emphasis on the power of words is an important aspect of leadership that I had not previously considered. It has become evident through his biography how important words of a leader can be. Although mostly agreeing and learning from the biography of Rashness's, his approach to challenge the international pressure seems a bit Hellenizing for my personal beliefs. Uprising against the existing system can be harmful to the reputation of the leader and must be managed carefully. Overall, I have discovered many leadership techniques and traits, which I can emulate from Rashness's biography and grow myself as a strong leader.In conclusion, Mankind Rajahs was a revolutionary leader. He was a true visionary guiding Sir Lankan during and after civil war whil e being able to assure Sir Lankan populations need through his vision. Rashness's speeches appealed to the masses and presented an idealized view of what the future of Sir Lankan beholds. Mankind Rajahs possessed an unusual power of attraction. His charismatic leadership with a closely monitored public image was an important factor in his approval as the president.

Construction Contracts Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Construction Contracts Law - Case Study Example A proposal, when accepted, becomes a promise" Thus, when there is a proposal from one side and the acceptance of that proposal by the other side, it results in a promise. This promise from the two parties to one another is known as an agreement. Also all agreements are contracts if they are made by the free consent of parties competent to contract, for a lawful consideration and with a lawful object and are not hereby expressly declared to be void. These basic rules of offer, acceptance and invitation to treat etc are amply illustrated in the cases 'Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v. Boots Cash Chemicals Ltd.(1952)2 Q.B.795)' , 'Felthouse v. Bindley(1862)6L.T.157)' and also in 'Fisher v. Bell (1961) 1Q.B. 394)'. The intention to create a legal relationship is demonstrated by 'Rose and Frank Co. v. Crompton & Bros. Ltd.(1925)A.C.445)', Balfour v. Balfour(1919)2K.B.571)', By 'Jones v. Padavatton(1969)All E.R. 616)', and also through 'Merrit v. Merrit(1970)2All E.R.760)' As per the facts of the case it was a contract about the construction of a new warehouse incorporating high quality offices and the client wanted tight financial control. ... In nut shell the essentials needed for a valid contract, therefore, are as under : An agreement between the two parties. An agreement is the result of a proposal or an offer by one party followed by its acceptance by the other. Agreement should be between the parties who are competent to contract. There should be a lawful consideration and lawful object in respect of that agreement. There should be free consent of the parties, when they enter in to the agreement. The agreement must not be one, which has been expressly declared to be void. A proposal, when accepted, results in an agreement. It is only after the acceptance of the proposal that a contract between the two parties can arise. After the offer has been accepted, it becomes a promise which, if other conditions of a valid contract are satisfied, binds both the parties to the promise. These basic rules of offer, acceptance and invitation to treat etc are amply illustrated in the cases 'Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v. Boots Cash Chemicals Ltd.(1952)2 Q.B.795)' , 'Felthouse v. Bindley(1862)6L.T.157)' and also in 'Fisher v. Bell (1961) 1Q.B. 394)'. The intention to create a legal relationship is demonstrated by 'Rose and Frank Co. v. Crompton & Bros. Ltd.(1925)A.C.445)', Balfour v. Balfour(1919)2K.B.571)', By 'Jones v. Padavatton(1969)All E.R. 616)', and also through 'Merrit v. Merrit(1970)2All E.R.760)' As per the facts of the case it was a contract about the construction of a new warehouse incorporating high quality offices and the client wanted tight financial control. There is no express condition laid down as to 'Time as the essence of the Contract' But through the wording of the contract it is quite clear that the client has laid down two conditions, first the quality of workmanship should

Leaders of China in the 20th Century Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Leaders of China in the 20th Century - Essay Example This resentment yield fruits by beginning of the Boxer Rebellion in the 20th Century (Kissinger, 2011). China was modified into Republic of China when the 1911 Revolution replaced the two thousand years old imperial system in China led by Sun Yat-sen. January of 1946 marked the beginning of another struggle for power in China. It was Chiang Kai-shek who served as a military assistance to Sun Yat-sen. He was a nationalist supporter. After demise of Sun Yat-sen,, he became popular with the people and became the first ever President of China under a novel, and slacken constitution. During his regime, he was unable to come up with any resolution with the Communists regardless of his long run negotiations with them (Loh, 1971). The drawback of Chiang Kai-shek government was a failure to come in settlement with the Communists and so he was restricted only to the island of Taiwn by 1950 when the United States funds were stopped. He negotiated with the United States military forces and established limited democracy in the country which was already a failure. He began to urge Nationalist guerillas on the mainland of China but was severely bruited. The UN expelled his government in 1971 and subsequently gave rights to the Communists to hold their legitimate regime in the country (Loh, 1971).. United States intervened in Chinese cities led by KMT, while the countryside was under the control of CCP. CCP took action against the KMT in the cities as civilians began to take stand for their country. So, Mao Zedong took over China on 1st October, 1949 when Taiwan took over KMT and yet again gave birth to People’s Republic of China. When Mao Zedong took control over China, he was regarded as one of the big revolutionaries but also one of the most horrible politicians of his time (Spence, 1999). It was Mao who formed the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in

The Swimming Pool Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Swimming Pool - Assignment Example This discussion stresses that the management seems to be under trouble due to the change of staff, the situation could only be changed if the new employees and managers receive specific training on how Cedar resort is operated. Otherwise, new staff will arrive with fresh ideas and ways of management (DeCenzo, David and Stephen 49). It appears that cedar has managers   who were familiar   with the preferences   of the   trusted   customers, the new staff came   with new ways   of running the   resort that did not work for the members, they opted to leave.This paper discusses that the managers ought to have come up with a way of training the new staff in a manner that would suit the previous standards of the resort, by so doing, the quality of the services would not have deteriorated as it now. Human resource professional are supposed to make decisions that they can be accountable in case of any setbacks. Human Resource managers and other decision makers of the manageme nt who take part in the process of making decisions have in the past years progressively been alleged â€Å"personally liable† in the federal and state employment laws. In most cases, it is due to a decision that they made in the wrong manner.  The case studies   on the swimming pool and   cedar demonstrates   Ã‚  personal liability for general managers who take part in human resource decision making, and what these managers can do to reduce their experience to personal liability.  

Arnold Schonberg, Adolf Loos and the Viennese Circle Essay

Arnold Schonberg, Adolf Loos and the Viennese Circle - Essay Example On the other hand, music tells a story through a carefully crafted set of audio. The best creations in architecture and music take painfully long to craft and they tell a compelling story that captivates its audience. It is evident that several analogies can be drawn between architecture and music in terms of their creation and impact to the society (Breivik, 2011). Inevitably, music and architecture tend to borrow from each other. Music can be considered as a metaphorical representation of a structure that can be transformed into visual terms and be an architectural piece. The relationship between architecture and music can be difficult to fathom for an ordinary person. Yet, a careful analysis of the underlying principles of any music piece shows a clear correlation with architecture. Music can be analyzed in three key parts that are rhythm, melody and harmony. These three features can be incorporated into architecture and help to create striking pieces. Breivik (2011) and Alexander (1999) pointed out that musical influence in architecture redefines a design and showcases the subtle artistic features that make an architectural piece to stand out. Therefore, it is important to appreciate the importance of the relationship between architecture and music. ... He was a member of the Viennese Circle. The architectural ideas of Loos were shaped greatly by the ideas that were brought forth by the Viennese circle (Schezel et al, 2009). Loos was greatly influenced by the musical ideas of his colleague Arnold Schonberg who was also part of the Viennese circle. Both Loos and Schonberg had great influence on each other. In fact, the intellectual relationship in terms of architecture and music that transpired between Loos and Schonberg has had a great impact on the society up to the present time. Loos and Schonberg were active in their professions during the era of serialism. Serialism was a revolution in composition as it was during those times. Traditional melodic, harmonic and tonal conventions were replaced entirely. Arnold Schonberg developed the twelve note system that was a new thinking in the line serial development. In the serial theory, it was the structural series of notes that made up the overall composition. The ilk of Schonberg revoke d standardized musical devices and instead opted to come with something that was unique. The main emphasis in serial development was order and clarity (John, pp. 87). Schonberg let go of the traditional aspects of music and endeavored to reinvent music in its entirety. Serialism in music was about composers coming up with their own musical language based on their ideas and intellectual inclination. Historical reiterations were not given any consideration. In essence, Serialism in music as embodied in Arnold Schonberg’s work was of disruptive nature in comparison with the conventional music at that time. During the time of Serialism, the cultural environment in Vienna allowed

Case Evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Case Evaluation - Essay Example Henceforth, Siemens Company and its challengers may at times have the temptation of using any possible means in persuading decision makers in signing contracts with their companies. Due to this persuasion, the company gets tempted to offer financial incentives that are not legal in closing the signed contracts (Stanwick, 2014). The illegal method used by Siemens Company to obtain orders from their customers was revealed when it was stated that six executives in Siemens Company had been detained for the actions they did. These actions related to offering bribes to German and different customers in the telecommunication industry. Additionally, these executives were blamed of stealing money from Siemens Company to pay for the offered bribes. Thomson Ganswindt was among the arrested executives. He was heading the telecommunications equipment unit in the company. The assessed bribes amounted to 200 million euros and supposedly incorporated using bribes to get the security systems contract. This was at the 2004 Olympic Games held in Greece (Stanwick, 2014). The concerns began after Michael Kutschenreuter, a senior executive in Siemens Company, stated that he received a very worrying phone call in the beginning of 2004 from Beit Al Etisalat. Al Etisalat was an employee of a consulting firm in Saudi that was Siemens business partner. Al Etisalat claimed that he be compensated 910 million dollars as commission payments by Siemens Company for the role he played in obtaining telecommunication contracts in Saudi Arabia. He went on to threaten the company that he would go to the United States Securities and Exchange with proof of bribes Siemens offered connected to the contracts if Siemens Company did not compensate him the commission payments (Stanwick, 2014). Due to this threat, Michael informed the company’s superiors, including the then present CEO Heinrich von Pierer and future CEO of the company Klaus

Is Microfinancing empowering women in South America Research Paper

Is Microfinancing empowering women in South America - Research Paper Example This paper concludes that the effects of microfinancing have a positive influence to women empowerment in Latin America. This paper also concludes that the overall empowerment level of women in Latin America is significant and provides spaces for women to run viable businesses and contribute to family’s income. Introduction Microcredit, in a wider dimension called microfinance, has in the recent years become a much favored intervention not only for poverty alleviation but also for empowering women across the South American countries (Hofstede, 2012). Microfinance is an economic development approach that has evolved so as to benefit low-income persons all over the world. The term refers to the provisioning of financial services by financial institutions to their low-income clients. The general financial services are savings and credit; although some microfinance institutions provide payment and insurance services. The definition of microfinance should include both the financial and social intermediations for it to empower women (Inter-American Development Bank, 2012). Microfinance activities involve: * Small loans, usually for working capital * Streamlined microcredit disbursement and monitoring * Informal appraisals of investments * Collateral substitutes, such as compulsory savings and group guarantees * Access to larger repeated loans, based on the performance of a person’s repayment * Securing savings products (Hofstede, 2012). The microfinance industry in Latin America is comprised of numerous number of institutions that can be categorized in 3 groups. The first group is the NGOs which largely provisions financial services to micro entrepreneurs. Besides the financial services, these NGOs provide business development services such as business trainings and consultancy. This is the group that contains the largest number of institutions in Latin America (ACCION International, 2011) The second group is those institutions that formerly were NGOs b ut have up scaled their financial operations and are currently regulated by the banking systems of their country. This can be group can be referred as microfinance Institutions. The last group the commercial banks that have now targeted the low income earners into their trade. This combination of microfinance providers represent what is in the modern age referred as the commercialization of microfinancing in Latin America. Microfinancing is a potential phenomenon that that is used in Latin America to alleviate poverty (Attay, 2007). Empowering women however in micro finance would require several. Microfinance is a potential tool that can have a powerful impact on the process of women empowerment. Women empowerment is a multifaceted process that is characterized by change in a person although all individuals (Unite for Sight, 2010) experience it differently. Women across the South American countries profit from microcredit and other financial services. Strengthening the financial bas e of women and is an important role in empowering them. However, women are not only empowered by providing them with direct credits. This paper examines the perspectives under which women are empowered (Lee, et al. 2010). Problem Statement When examining the impact of microfinancing on women empowerment in Latin America, the following challenges were experienced by the field of microfinance in this region. First, it is important to note that one the key role of microfinance is providing accessible financial

Central bank Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Central bank - Assignment Example Low education levels as well as underdevelopment are also a common feature in these countries and thus making them depend on foreign labour. In a strive to improve their economy, the GCC countries have tried to diversify their economic activities after realizing that the natural resources are in the process of getting depleted and therefore inculcated capital intensive projects (Cobham & Ghassan 2011). Although most investments are done nationally, it is evident that all these countries have a common goal and thus face a common problem of acquiring capital. In response to this the financial sector, which plays a critical role in economic diversification, the GCC countries have taken the initiative to develop it. The development of financial sector has been done individually with each country operating guided by its own principles. However in2009, the central bank of the GCC was proposed that would collectively operate across the whole GCC region. The GCC banking system is more of a w eb of different structures and situations rather than a homogeneous block. This is contrary to all other economic activities that tend to be common. It is to this reason that the central bank was formed (Cobham & Ghassan 2011). . ... However the location of the central bank of GCC is completely different from that of the European central bank. This creates a doubt on the overall efficiency of the proposed GCC central bank. it therefore deems necessary to understand the banks functions and objectives as well as its pros and cons, that is sources of failure as noted by other people. Discussion Structure The proposed GCC central bank will be a central bank for a common currency to be established in the GCC region. Its capital stock will be owned by the central banks of the major countries, dividing it according to their GDP ratios. Since the bank has not been established yet, its headquarters have not been stated clearly. As the GCC is located in the Arab region with almost every member country being Muslim dominated, then the bank has to take into consideration the Muslims way of living in addition to pursuing its usual activities. Relation with European Central Bank Being a multinational financial institution, the proposed GCC central bank portrays several similarities with the European central bank. Firstly, the formation of the bank aims at unifying the currency for the member states. However, there are debates that the GCC region might not be ready for a common currency. The main retardant to attaining the common currency, which also acts as the major difference between the location of the ECB and the GCC central bank is the lack of the political consensus in the latter. A common currency requires a set of common rules and regulation to prevent inflation and other economic disasters that result from inappropriate money supply trends (Cevik, Teksoz & International Monetary Fund 2012). Self-adjusting mechanism has been seen to fail after the 2008

Team Communication and Problem Solving Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Team Communication and Problem Solving - Essay Example al. 1999 and Mabey et. al., 1998, amongst others) as decision makers are unable to be objective and rational in the real world. The 'administrative' or 'bureaucratic' model "questions whether managers are capable of making rational decisions" (Fulop & Lindstead, 1999. p. 299) and bases decision making on the actual behavior of the decision-maker. Simon (1960, in Fulop & Lindstead, 1999:308) recognises cognitive limits to human rationality and that "the decision making is likely to be influenced by non-rational, emotive and unconscious elements in human thinking". Incomplete information, time limits and group pressures are "thought to limit the optimising behavior so central to the rational model" (op. cite.). As a result, decision-making is the product of 'bounded rationality' and 'disjointed incrementalism', which results in 'satisficing', where the best decision is made within the confines of imperfect information and 'mutual partisan adjustment' between parties. In the 'bureaucratic' model this process is then institutionalised for future problem solving. The 'garbage-can' model suggests that "decisions are really problems looking for solutions" (Fulop & Lindstead, 1999:299), emphasises both the "role of chance decisions and the concept of strategy as a stream of decisions" (Leonard, et. al.

Warn of dangerous fellow student Essay Example for Free

Warn of dangerous fellow student Essay Many other authors are researchers seem to voice the same observations made by Syvertsen et al (2009). Students’ psycho-social development is highly essential and should be integrated in learning curricular to ensure students are exposed to positive developmental behaviors. Relationship enhancement amongst teachers and students cannot be more emphasized than when studies are done and students reveal that strength of the bond their have with adults/teachers will determine if they would intervene directly or by reporting cases of violence. Students too, as it has been revealed, want to have a sense of having some control on their own. Resilience can be developed in students through the teachers influence as Grotberg (2003, p. 108) observed that, â€Å"Teachers are some of the major builders of our children’s resilience. They have our children in their care for most of their waking hours; from kindergarten to the end of school, approximately 13 years. Their influence is profound. Their responsibility is awesome. † From the Grotberg’s observatory comments, one is able to then assert the students’ notion that if they have a closer relationship with the ones they spend most of their tender school age with – the teachers – then they are bound to go to the teachers and report a student who would be planning a violent attack on the school community. If positive relationships are to be developed between students are teachers then â€Å"a positive relationship with an adult who is available to provide support when needed is one of the most critical factors in preventing student violence †¦ [since] peers are the most likely group to know in advance about potential school violence† (Vitto, 2003, p. 16). Closer interaction, fewer numbers of students allocated to each teacher and extra curricular activities may pave the way for better interaction that would enhance student-teacher interaction and encourage students to seek advice and help from teachers and adults incase of a colleague’s plan to violate or threaten the safety of the school community. Fascinatingly, common factors noted in over 75% of the 37 incidents of school shootings reported in the U. S revealed that the violator (s) told someone or talked to a colleague of their intent or that the shooting would happen. However, in most cases the students who happened to have information of the happenings beforehand did not seek out or inform any adult. This is a clear indication that understandable instructions should be given to students on what would be the most appropriate to take incase they heard of violence threats and ways of reporting these cases anonymously should be given to the students. Additionally, this may be an indication that students might not always seek out counsel or have enough confidence in adults to go to them and report such threatening situations. It may, therefore, be noted that the absence of trust could be the primary reason that may be given most commonly by students for not going to teachers for counsel or assistance. Syvertsen et al. (2009), reveal that â€Å"Fostering a caring school climate in which students (and teachers) feel a shared sense of responsibility to look out for one another and to take action to keep one another safe is something not taught in textbooks or made possible by metal detectors, but is built through the daily interactions teachers have with students and students have with one another. † Cultivating trust would be the best way to fulfill the students’ need to security and encourage as well as enable them to deal with problems, develop positive relationships and a strong sense of self and belonging. In return, emotional as well as psycho-social development is enhanced making the students more confident to defend the safety and wellbeing of schools and their community by reporting cases of violence. Difficult backgrounds, poverty, socio-economic challenges may be some of the factors that may underlie the development of divisive and aggressive behaviors among students. Having the ability to instill hope and confidence in students would not only help enhance independence and a positive sense of self worth but also positive interaction. With this kind of interaction, most students may be able to not only have the intent to intervene but also to take action to curb and prevent violence in schools. It’s the most complicated relationships to build if students come from backgrounds, however, with conducive environments and encouraging learning conditions, students can slowly but surely develop the emotional capabilities to deal with challenging situations hence minimizing violent outbursts and/or cases of ignoring violence signs. During teenage and adolescent years, most students may be individually seeing appreciation and acknowledgement from their peers and teachers. This means that they may, more than likely, try to intervene in violence situations by talking to their peer who may be planning a violence attack. Teachers, as much as they may seeks to encourage this kind of intervention, would have to ensure that the intervening student’s safety would not be threatened and that the students would be encouraged to seek the counsel and intervention of an adult. However, the student openness and willingness to participate in positive psycho-socio developmental activities and programs can only be left to the students. Aggressiveness forged towards students to make them participate on welfare activities and programs can also result in aggressive resistance and possible violent reactions. Conclusion It’s generally and conclusively agreed that, just as the studies reveal that different developmental levels enhance or deter intervention of students. Students need positive emotional as well as psychological nurturing to impact their school community’s safety programs. It’s therefore mandatory that, in order to reduce the risk of violent attacks by students, teachers and adults have to create an atmosphere that encourages students to develop their social skills and seek to protect the safety of their learning institutions. Besides the academic curricular, social, emotional and psychological developmental programs must be initiated to ensure students’ development of self worth is fulfilled. This would help lessen violence and encourage cohesion. In the end, safer school environments would be realized and abilities and willingness to intervene incase of violence threats can be achieved. References Dwyer, K. , Osher, D. Warger, C. (1998). Early warning, timely response: A guide to safe schools. Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Education. Retrieved June 10, 2009 from http://cecp. air. org/guide/guide. pdf Grotberg, E. H. (2003). Resilience for today: gaining strength from adversity. Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. Jimerson, S. R. Furlong, M. J (2006). The handbook of school violence and school safety: from research to practice. New York: Routledge. Johnson, C. (n. d). The A-B-Cs of School Violence. Retrieved June 10, 2009 from http://www. aboutteens. org/essays/schl-violnce. htm Syvertsen, A. K. , Flanagan, C. A. , Stout, M. D. (2009). Code of Silence: Students. Perceptions of School Climate and Willingness to Intervene in a Peers Dangerous Plan. Journal of Educational Psychology, Vol. 101, No. 1, 219-232. Vitto, J. M (2003). Relationship-Driven Classroom Management: Strategies That Promote Student Motivation. California: Corwin Press. Willenz, P. (2009). Students Who Feel Connected to Peers, Teachers are More Inclined to Warn of Dangerous Fellow Student: Zero Tolerance Policies Can Work against Cohesion in Schools. Retrieved June 9, 2009 from http://www. apa. org/releases/schoolviolence. html.

Understanding tourism behavior

Understanding tourism behavior Introduction Understanding tourism behavior involves knowledge of factors that are by no means obvious because the influences that shape tourism tastes and activities are often so deeply embedded in the individuals personal and cultural biography that the subject is unaware of how they were formed. (Seaton, 1996) This statement sets part of scene of this study and it was a starting point for the final topic to be shaped. Tourism behaviour has been studied thoroughly and many conclusions have been reached regarding the main factors that have an impact on tourists decision-making. Decision-making about destinations is a quite risk process because of the fact that in this kind of purchase the buyers (potential tourists) cannot see the product before they purchase it. According to most consumer behaviour books, consumer behaviour is a function of two basic factors: a.) Social influences, b.) Personal traits. Social influences include culture and subculture, social class, reference groups and influentials, role and family influence, while personal traits involve personality, learning, motivation, perception and attitudes. Since, as mentioned above, the tourism products are intangible and cannot be observed from the potential tourist before they purchase them, prior communication offers them the information that they need and creates images, according to which they take decisions. More specifically, regarding the information in the tourism decision-making, as Seaton (1996) suggests they can be divided into four main categories: a.) Commercially provided information, b.) Non-commercially provided information, c.) Personally provided information, d.) Impersonally provided (media) sources. The last category involves travel programmes, newspaper travel pages, guide books e.t.c. However, thorough personal research and study in all these categories of influences showed that the impact of television on tourism decision-making has actually not been significantly studied before. Given the importance that the media have in our lives, their power and the fact that nowadays all people have access to them, and specially with television, it was quite impressive to observe that the study of this influence is very narrow. Thus the rationale of the narrow focus on the television was that it would be of some value to research the influence of television travel and tourism programmes about destinations on tourists decision-making about destinations. With these in mind, the aim and objectives of the research are: Aim: To evaluate the influence of television travel programmes on potential tourists on choosing a tourism destination. Objectives: To measure if and how much is the influence of travel programmes about decisions on tourist destinations on consumer To check if travel programmes are perceived as an informative tool or just entertainment To analyse the way that consumers perceive what they are seeing on these travelling programmes. According to Malhotra and Birks (2006) the formulation of the marketing objectives can encompass two areas: organizational objectives and personal objectives of the decision-maker. For a research project be successful, it must serve the objectives of the organization and of the decision-maker. With these objectives it will be possible to understand if the Television tourism programmes really exerts influence on the consumers in this market. The long-term purpose is to advance knowledge, to expose more questions that could probably be answered in the future and to recognize concerns about certain things which could be further resolved or tested by more work in the future regarding this field. There are many influences from several different sources in the environment that have an impact on the tourists decisions about holiday. However, research seems to be inconclusive regarding the medium that is most successful at persuading an audience towards a potential tourism destination. Consumers can be affected through several influences of the environment, such as interpersonal conversations with friends and family, advertisements, television, press, brochures and internet. On the same topic area a very interesting research has been made that compares the effects of advertising to publicity for marketing a tourism destination. This was a very important research as well because of the inconclusive results reported by previous comparison studies of advertising and publicity in the general marketplace. This research indicated that publicity is an important element in the marketing mix and that publicity messages have greater credibility than advertising and it suggests that publicity could be more effective than advertising for promoting tourism destinations. Of all information sources mentioned, non-mediated one-on-one personal information sharing is often cited as the most persuasive (Kotler, 1993). This category involves word of mouth conversations among friends and relatives. However it is very hard for marketers to influence this kind of personal information sources as they cannot get involved in this kind of interpersonal relation. Consequently, they have to focus their efforts on other communication tools in order them to persuade potential customers to try a product, in this case a destination. Thus, tourism organizations often rely on publicity as a communication device in order to approach an audience. However, it is still unclear if this device is effective at persuading potential tourists to visit a specific destination, what their attitude is towards destination travel programmes and what their perception is when it comes to these programmes. Despite the fact that many national tourist boards in their annual reports record the number of media in which they have achieved exposure, the amount of exposure in television is inefficient indicator of success and further research and analysis is necessary to determinate the impact of the television travel programmes on the potential tourists. But even thus television has a huge audience do viewers really view television, or do they use it as background noise or a babysitter for their children? Do they scan it occasionally, or instead use it for security when no one is at home? (Kaufman and Lane 1994) There is no concrete proves if even with all the exposition the television, and more specifically the travel programmes, plays an important role on the decision- making on potential tourists when they are deciding a destination. The advertisings and the television programmes can be perceived as just a merely entertainment and not as a really informative tool. This research attempts to evaluate the perceptions and attitudes of tourists towards travel programmes about destinations contained in the British television and what the effects of these programmes are when it comes to destination decision-making, message acceptance and message response. The most important variables that are studied in this research are message strength, attitude toward the destination, perception towards destination travelling programmes, credibility and reliability, and purchase intent.

Harriet Beecher Stowe Biography

Harriet Beecher Stowe Biography Katie Rarick Multi-source Research-based Paper Harriet Beecher Stowe Harriet Beecher Stowe was born June 14, 1811. She was born into a large, famous family. Her siblings all became ministers, educators, or founders of an organization; but she believed her purpose in life was to write. Stowe started off not as successful as her siblings, but she stuck to her gut feeling and eventually created some of the greatest pieces of writings that opened the publics eyes towards slavery. What was it about Stowes writings that made slavery more aware to the nation? Stowe attended school at Sarah Pierces Litchfield Female Academy and Hartford Female Seminary, which was founded by her sister Catherine. At the Seminar is where she gained most of her writing talents. She spent many hours and nights writing essays. She was well prepared for her writing career from not only her schooling, but also the education and discipline she learned at home. She graduated when she was only 13. At her graduation, she had one of her essays read in which her father had no idea. When he had heard she had written it he was, to say the least, surprised and proud. She later married Calvin Stowe, who was nothing more than a college professor. She stated he was rich in Greek and Hebrew, Latin Arabic, alas rich in nothing else. This motivated Stowe to begin to do something with her writings. Her and her husband could not afford living on Calvins salary, therefore she began to write stories and publish them. Another huge influence was her attitude towards slavery and the wrong doings that she could not speak out about because she was a woman. They only way she could get her words out was to write about the issue that was bothering her and many others as well. She had a group of friends with the same beliefs as her and they began to create some writings together. Once she married Calvin, however, that was her final push to publish her works. Her writings were not only a source of income but also an educational source. Harriet Beecher Stowe was not only an author, but also an abolitionist. Stowe created over 30 pieces of work, with Uncle Toms Cabin being her greatest piece. (Impact of Uncle Toms Cabin, Slavery, and the Civil War). She wrote it in response to the Fugitive Slave Act. It showed readers the effects slavery had on families and people began to empathize with the characters in the story. It has been said that because of Stowes book, the Civil War began. No one knows if this is true or not, but President Lincoln once said to Stowe, so youre the little woman who wrote the book that started this great war!. It wouldnt be a surprise if that was the case, because the book influenced people in the way of political and economic arguments about slavery. After the book was published, Stowe got many reviews that both applauded the book as well as stated it was inaccurate and not powerful enough. Some said the main character, Tom, wasnt forceful enough. They said it wasnt powerful enough to move slavery and that she was being one-sided about slavery. Those who praised the book, said it made slavery seem more realistic and opened peoples eyes to what slavery was doing. Stowe responded to the critics by writing The Key to Uncle Toms Cabin. It stated her sources of Uncle Toms Cabin, therefore people couldnt say her information was false or that she was being one-sided. Harriet Beecher Stowe became an international celebrity after the publication of Uncle Toms Cabin (Impact of Uncle Toms Cabin, Slavery, and the Civil War). She travelled to Britain to seal rights for another novel of hers, and while she was there people crowded around her on the streets. She was given a 26-page petition signed by British women all over the world who were wanting Americans to end slavery. She was also invited to anti-slavery marches and rallies and was asked to speak before many people. However, she didnt like to speak it public, so she stood back as her husband and brother spoke on her behalf. Queen Elizabeth wanted to meet her, but Harriet declined. Queen Elizabeth still gave Stowe and her sister a ride out of the city so they wouldnt get rushed by city people(Impact of Uncle Toms Cabin, Slavery, and the Civil War). Harriets second anti-slavery novel was less influential than Uncle Toms Cabin but still a good piece of work. Dred, A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp talks about abolition but doesnt have the outlook of an end to slavery (Harriet Beecher Stowe Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp Essay- Critical Essays). Stowe directed this novel towards people in the south, where she directed Uncle Toms Cabin to those of the north. She focused on legal aspects of slavery as while as plantation life to try to expose the wrong doings of the said system. When people criticized this book, they said Stowe wasnt as inspired as she was when she wrote her first anti-slavery novel. Some said Dred was not as sentimental but more realistic than Uncle Toms Cabin. There were also critics who said Dred was less successful because Stowe lost confidence in the abolition of slavery. Harriet Beecher Stowe made many powerful movements through her writings. She proved women can speak out and make a difference. She started many riots and rallies for slavery, which eventually leaded to abolition of slavery all together. Her contribution to literature and the world will forever be remembered. As Uncle Toms Cabin is read in six different languages and is used all around the world in history and literature classes. Harriet Beecher Stowe died July 1, 1896 at 86 years old (Harriet Beecher Stowes Life). She is still known all around the world today. There are museums, landmarks, and her works still exist and are used today. The house she wrote Uncle Toms Cabin in in Maine was bought by Bowdoin College and restored. The house she lived in for the final years of her life is restored and is now a museum. It keeps Stowes items and a research library as well! Harriet Beecher Stowe is still an important woman in history more than a century later! Stowe accomplished so much with a pen and her words. Women of her time couldnt publicly speak, so writing was the way women got their thoughts and ideas out to the world. It is incredible to imagine the world we would be in without a simple piece of work that a young woman from Litchfield, CT published. Uncle Toms Cabin was one of the main reasons people started speaking out about slavery. If her writings werent around, would somebody else have raised their voice? Would we still have slavery? Would the bloodiest war in American history have taken place? It is amazing what one piece of writing can do for the world. References (Harriet Beecher Stowes Life) (Harriet Beecher Stowe Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp Essay-Critical Essays) (Impact of Uncle Toms Cabin, Slavery, and the Civil War)

Aristotle Essays -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aristotle was born in Stagira, located in northern Greece, in 384 B.C. He died in Chalcis, on the Aegean island of Euboea, in 322 B.C. Aristotle's father had been court physician to the Macedonian king Amyntas II. Aristotle lost both of his parents when he was child, and was brought up by a friend of the family.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aristotle wrote 170 books, 47 of which still exist more than two thousand years later. Aristotle was also a philosopher who wrote about ethics, psychology, economics, theology, politics, and rhetoric. Later inventions like the telescope and microscope would prove many of Aristotle’s theories to be incorrect, but his ideas formed the basis of modern science.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aristotle's most successful scientific writings were those on biology. He studied over five hundred animal species and dissected nearly fifty of them. He was particularly interested in sea life and observed that the dolphin brought forth its young alive and nourished the fetus by means of a special organ called a placenta. No fish did this, but all mammals did, so Aristotle classed the dolphin with the beasts of the field rather than with the fish of the sea. His successors did not follow his lead, and it took two thousand years for biologists to catch up to Aristotle in this respect.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In physics Aristotle was far less successful than in biology. He accepted the heavenly spheres of Eudoxus and ...

British Policy of Appeasement at the Beginning of World War Two Essay

British Policy of Appeasement at the Beginning of World War Two The First World War was the beginning of a new era in fighting. Weapons and fighting technique had drastically changed, making war much more dangerous. With the predictions for the new weapons including poisonous gas and bigger bombs, Great Britain was very much afraid for its citizens, especially men and women of fighting age. The country wished to avoid war at any cost. The choices of Neville Chamberlain and The Parliament favoring appeasement affected the decisions of other European leaders, such as French Premier Daladier, Joseph Stalin, Benito Mussolini, and Winston Churchill, and those choices helped Britain enter the war. Many believe that with the Treaty of Versailles at the end of World War One, the prelude to World War Two was put in motion. At the time many Europeans, who were still hurting from the war, were not concerned that the restrictions put upon Germany were too stringent. But it gave Germans a reason to elect Hitler to the Chancellorship of Germany in 1933. While Britain tried to ignore the new leader of Germany, they could not ignore him any longer when the Saar Basin voted to return to Germany. As part of its World War I repatriations, the Saar Basin had been given to France because of the territory’s natural resources and such.1 Since Germany had now violated the Treaty of Versailles, Britain, France, and Italy gathered at Strea in Italy to discuss a course of action. Britain and France’s main concern was to keep Italy in opposition to the Germans. When Italy decided to attack Ethiopia, Britain was torn between avoiding war or endorsing the unprovoked attack. They left it up to the League of Nations to make the decision. In this deci... ...Lilly, David. (1994). British Reaction to the Munich Crisis, 1. 6. Rempel, Professor Gerhard. (1999). The Nazi-Soviet Pact. Available: http://mars.acnet.wnec.edu/~grempel/courses/hitler/lectures/nazisoviet.html [Mar. 4, 2000], 1. 7. Paul, James. (1998). Britain in World War Two. 8. Lilly, David. (1994). British Reaction to the Munich Crisis, 1. 9. John L. Snell, Problems in European Civilization: The Outbreak of the Second World War, (Boston: D.C. Heath and Company, 1962), 6. 10. Rempel, Professor Gerhard. (1999). The Nazi-Soviet Pact, 2. 11. John L. Snell, Problems in European Civilization: The Outbreak of the Second World War, 6-7. 12. Rempel, Professor Gerhard. (1999). The Nazi-Soviet Pact, 3. 13. John L. Snell, Problems in European Civilization: The Outbreak of the Second World War, 9.

Evil, Faith, and Redemption in Hawthorne’s Young Goodman Brown Essay

Evil, Faith, and Redemption in Hawthorne’s Young Goodman Brown There are many things that go on â€Å"behind closed doors† in today’s culture. In many cases it is not closed doors that conceal what goes on, but the dark. Usually what is not seen is not considered good. During the time of early America, there was an event that came to be known as the Salem witch trials. This event has sparked many debates and many folk tales. Nathaniel Hawthorne writes in a way to show the error of modern culture. This style allows him to speak to everyone, including his own community. He does this by using the themes of the story to show the tendencies of modern culture. In Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† the themes of redemption, the source of evil, and the power of faith are developed and can be used to show the problems in today’s culture. The belief of redemption, in modern day culture, bases itself on human perspective over God’s intervention, and human perspective is how the main character in â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† believed he found his salvation. This is not the actual way to find redemption. Redemption, according to the Bible, is the payment of sins through the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ. The story begins as a man, Goodman Brown, leaves to go out to a meeting that turns out to be for witchcraft and finds himself torn between going to the meeting or deciding to stay at home. Brown wants to go home to his wife Faith and believes if he goes back he will not be punished for his sins. At first he comes to a decision to discontinue his trip to the meeting; he later changes his mind and chooses to move on his path to the meeting and sin. Brown decides to continue because of the shock he just recei... ...ut the faith they have. Hawthorne leaves the problem of faithless people unresolved. I believe he does this to show that faith is an idea that is so loosely thrown around that it has lost its meaning. Simply stated, redemption, the source of evil, and the power of faith are themes developed by Nathaniel Hawthorne that display problems in today’s culture. Although these issues occur frequently, many people decide to ignore them. Many of these difficult situations in today’s society present themselves behind closed doors or in the dark. These problems happen today, and they have happened in the past. It is best that we find a way to deal with these issues before they reach the future. Works Cited Hawthorne, Nathaniel. â€Å"Young Goodman Brown.†Making Literature Matter. Ed. John Schilb and John Clifford. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2000. 1085-95.

Colonial Peru: History Takes a Dramatic Turn

It is hard to realize that historical accounts such as these could be so intriguing and actually reeks of scandals that could match any modern day soap opera could muster on television. The relationships, marriage, litigation and the drama are intensely strewn as each turn of events heat up.   Noting old court records and letters narrating the life of Francisco Noguerol de Ulloa, we become witnesses to his unwitting marriage to two women transformed into the main plot of Alexandra and Noble Cook’s book Good Faith and Truthful Ignorance (1991).In the novel type historical account, the story begins as Noguerol receives a letter one day from his two sisters, who are nuns in a Benedictine convent.Doà ±a Ynà ©s and Doà ±a Ynà ©sa Francisca, nuns in the Benedictine convent of San Pedro de las Dueà ±as, had corresponded occasionally with their brother who resided in Peru. But the mail was slow and undependable. This time they wrote to tell Francisco that his wife, Doà ±a Beat riz de Villasur, had died, and to reprimand him for neglecting his own family. They desired, above all else, his return (p. 7).Apparently, his two sisters schemed to convince their brother to go back home, telling him that his wife, Doà ±a Beatriz de Villasur had died. Rather than going home, Noguerol took a new wife, Doà ±a Catalina de Vergara, in a grand ceremony â€Å"among knights and people of much authority and quality.† But when the happy couple did return to Spain, they were greeted with a royal litigation: not only was Noguerol's first wife was still alive, King Philip II wanted him arrested for bigamy.This sparked the beginning of a complicated legal drama in the 16th century Latin America that trailed all the way to the Vatican, where Pope Paul IV decreed that Noguerol could keep his second wife. As the story unfolds, the readers are treated to a dose of bickering lawyers and sexual intrigue–including a lengthy debate over whether Noguerol first had  "carnal intercourse† with first wife or second wife.We could draw out from the book about colonial Peru’s adherence to marriage customs, such as the endowment of dowry by the wife’s family. Francisco Noguerol's first marriage demonstrates the importance of the dowry and is an example of the â€Å"arranged marriage† that was rampant during those times. In the story, we have learned that as a young man in Spain, Noguerol agreed in a marriage arranged by his mother against his will. To wit:The marriage between Francisco and Beatriz had been arranged by their families. It was a business transaction between a wealthy merchant and less affluent gentry, where personal wishes of the young people about to be linked were not considered relevant. Doà ±a Costanza, a widow of only four years, settled a modest annuity on the young couple, but her son's allure lay in his status.The Noguerols descended from a notable family in Galicia and could clearly be categorized as hidalgos. Cristà ³val de Santander was a merchant who could afford to endow his daughter with an enticing sum in order to attract a husband with a higher social standing. The parents had negotiated a mutually satisfying deal, and their children could only dutifully accept the terms.Francisco had protested; Beatriz had remained silent. They were betrothed, and the reluctant groom sweetened his fate with the delectable dowry. On 21 December 1530 Francisco Noguerol de Ulloa, who must have been about twenty years old, acknowledged to have received from â€Å"Cristà ³val de Santander my father-in-law† 30,000 maravedis â€Å"for the dowry and marriage that you have promised me, and that you have agreed to give with Doà ±a Beatriz de Villasur, your daughter and my spouse.† On 29 January 1532 Francisco accepted another â€Å"1,000 reales of silver that are worth 34,000 maravedis, that I receive as partial payment of the dowry,† (p. 43).After receiving a substantial d owry, Noguerol left for America, where he played a role in the Peruvian civil war and amassed a good-sized fortune. Noguerol's second marriage was by his own choice and especially his wife's choice, but it further demonstrates the importance of property for marriage. In his second marriage, Francisco received another large sum of money:Doà ±a Catalina de Vergara had agreed to marry Francisco Noguerol with the condition that he would take her back to Spain and even extracted an oath to that effect from her suitor. On the fifth day of October of 1549, the groom signed a receipt for all the goods Doà ±a Catalina was bringing as dowry, worth some 3,105,000 maravedis (p. 25).Before he was slapped with a bigamy suit, Noguerol did not know that his first wife is still alive. He married again in Peru several years after he received letters from his two sisters, who were nuns in Spain. They erroneously informed him that his first wife had died. Though neither spouse was in any way coerced into this marriage, both were careful to choose a marriage partner with sufficient property to constitute an excellent match. But, it turns out the wives were the ones who gave large sums of money to the man they chose to marry.As soon as she learned that her husband had remarried. Dona Beatriz de Villasur initiated the dramatic bigamy suit after Noguerol began concluding his affairs in Peru and had sent a substantial amount of money to be invested in Spain, thereby alerting her and her relatives to his present prosperity.The suit was first litigated before the Council of the Indies prior to Noguerol's arrival in Spain. When he returned, he went to the ecclesiastical court to have his first marriage annulled. The suits and countersuits lasted several years and included a long period in which Noguerol was imprisoned and not permitted to live with his second wife. The Council of the Indies finally ruled in favor of Dona Beatriz, declaring Noguerol a bigamist. He was fined and exiled f rom several Spanish cities for several years, but he was not ordered to return to his first wife.During that time, records such as administrative documents, the proceedings of the judiciary, and the minutes of both Andean and Spanish cabildos (town councils)–were also useful, especially when analyzed document by document specifically to compare Andean and Spanish views. Punishments for bigamy could be as heavy and could even cost the life of the offender. One person, Don Juan, cacique of Collique, offered buried treasure to the Spanish official who wanted him hanged for bigamy. He successfully tricked the Spanish, at least for a short while, by sending another woman in the place of his favorite mistress to the home of a good Christian woman for religious instruction (Ramirez, 1996).During the two and a half centuries in which the Peruvian Inquisition functioned (from 1570 to 1820), some forty autos da fà © were held. In these ceremonies, the maximum punishments — â₠¬Å"relajacià ³n† (delivery to secular authorities) or death — were enforced as was forced reconciliation with the Catholic Church. Of the three thousand persons probably tried during the entire history of the Lima tribunal, only 48 were condemned. to burn at the stake.The classic and always useful Historia del tribunal de la Inquisicià ³n de Lima first published by Josà © Toribio Medina in 1887 contains a statistical summary of crimes listed most often in the Inquisition records. Heading the list is bigamy (20 percent of the cases); practicing the Jewish faith (17 percent); witchcraft (12 percent); heresy (10 percent); and solicitation by clergymen (7 percent) (see Medina 1956, 2:406-7). The leading position of bigamy can be explained by the great distance, the lengthy separations, and the difficulties in communicating that made the New World a likely setting for the proliferation of marital ties (Hampe-Martinez, 1996).Paulino Castaà ±eda Delgado and Pilar Hernà ¡n dez Aparicio (1985) explored the development of bigamy trials over the two and a half centuries of the Lima tribunal. They pointed out considerations of a canonical nature in the treatment of marriage and polygamy by the Catholic Church, above all during the Counter-Reformation.These authors demonstrated that double marriages were more common in the Indies than in Spain, a phenomenon readily explained by the distance, lengthy stays, and difficulty in communicating from the New World. Like the witchcraft trials, the number of bigamy cases increased progressively in the jurisdiction of the Lima Inquisition. Between 1700 and 1820, these two misdeeds represented almost half of all cases tried.In Good Faith and Truthful Ignorance, Doà ±a Catalina, who is the second wife, sought the needed favorable ecclesiastical ruling for Francisco. Thus, the couple appealed to the Papacy and they were endowed a Papal brief. The Pope and the Salamanca apostolic judge ruled in favor of Noguerol and Don a Catalina, returning them to married life together. Regarding marriage, Church law was more powerful than civil law.The authors found documentation for money sent much later to a member of the Roman curia, which suggests that the favorable Papal brief may have been influenced by a venal under ­ling. When Francisco Noguerol died, Doà ±a Beatriz again sued Doà ±a Catalina for the return of her dowry and half the joint earnings. The ecclesiastical court reversed their judgment and ruled in her favor. Rather than continue the litigation that might endanger her grandson's inheritance, Dona Catalina offered to settle out of court and paid Dona Beatriz an amount much larger than the original dowry.In the book, the legal position of women in Spanish colonial society had been featured. These were established by codes written in the thirteenth century (the Siete Partidas ) and the early sixteenth century (the Leyes de Toro ) and was reinforced by a corporate view of society that equated the authority of the paterfamilias in the nuclear family with that of the king in the monarchical state. In the public sphere, women could not vote, become lawyers or judges, or hold public office (Arrom, 1985).Married women needed the permission of their husbands to engage in many transactions, including buying or disposing of property, lending or borrowing money, and forming business partnerships. In terms of inheritance under Spanish law, daughters and sons inherited equal shares of their parents' property, and a widow generally received half of the couple's community property on the death of her husband. Any dowry a woman brought to a marriage legally reverted to her when her husband died or if the marriage was legally dissolved. Until that time, however, the husband could administer the dowry and could keep any interest that it earned (Zulawski, 1990).In Good Faith and Truthful Ignorance, we could draw out the rule before that in the matter of guardianship of their own children , women's rights were limited. Only the father could give consent for a child to marry, and a widow became her own child's legal guardian only if her husband had not named anyone else in his will.  For their work, Cook and Cook have woven a commendable picture of marriage, relationships, litigation and the status of women in 16th century Spain and Peru. Packing it with lots of historical accounts and careful presentation of arguments, we could visualize both sides of the story as seen in the documents themselves and resisting the temptation to speculate without convincing evidence. However, there have been parts that felt short. Like the analysis of the Papal brief that countered the ruling of the Council of the Indies when they favored Noguerol. But, all in all, the work is commendable because the unexpected decision make the readers forget that we are reading historical accounts, which are usually boring. The writing style is exciting as it definitely intrigues it its readers to finish the story till the end.Works CitedArrom, S.A. The Women of Mexico City, 1790-1857, Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press 1985, p. 77.Castaà ±eda, P.H. and Aparicio, P.H. The crimes of bigamy in the Inquisition of Lima, Missionalia Hispanica, Madrid, vol.   42, no. 24174, 1985.Cook, A. P. and Cook, N.D. Good Faith and Truthful Ignorance: A Case of Transatlantic Bigamy. Duke University Press, 1991Hampe-Martinez, T.   Recent Works on the Inquisition and Peruvian Colonial Society, 1570-1820, Latin American Research Review, vol. 31, 1996Ramà ­rez, S.E. The World Upside down: Cross-Cultural Contact and Conflict in Sixteenth-Century Peru, Stanford University, 1996 Zulawski, A. Social Differentiation, Gender, and Ethnicity: Urban Indian Women in Colonial Bolivia, 1640-1725, Latin American Research Review, vol. 25, no. 2, 1990 Colonial Peru: History Takes a Dramatic Turn It is hard to realize that historical accounts such as these could be so intriguing and actually reeks of scandals that could match any modern day soap opera could muster on television. The relationships, marriage, litigation and the drama are intensely strewn as each turn of events heat up.   Noting old court records and letters narrating the life of Francisco Noguerol de Ulloa, we become witnesses to his unwitting marriage to two women transformed into the main plot of Alexandra and Noble Cook’s book Good Faith and Truthful Ignorance (1991).In the novel type historical account, the story begins as Noguerol receives a letter one day from his two sisters, who are nuns in a Benedictine convent.Doà ±a Ynà ©s and Doà ±a Ynà ©sa Francisca, nuns in the Benedictine convent of San Pedro de las Dueà ±as, had corresponded occasionally with their brother who resided in Peru. But the mail was slow and undependable. This time they wrote to tell Francisco that his wife, Doà ±a Beat riz de Villasur, had died, and to reprimand him for neglecting his own family. They desired, above all else, his return (p. 7).Apparently, his two sisters schemed to convince their brother to go back home, telling him that his wife, Doà ±a Beatriz de Villasur had died. Rather than going home, Noguerol took a new wife, Doà ±a Catalina de Vergara, in a grand ceremony â€Å"among knights and people of much authority and quality.† But when the happy couple did return to Spain, they were greeted with a royal litigation: not only was Noguerol's first wife was still alive, King Philip II wanted him arrested for bigamy. This sparked the beginning of a complicated legal drama in the 16th century Latin America that trailed all the way to the Vatican, where Pope Paul IV decreed that Noguerol could keep his second wife. As the story unfolds, the readers are treated to a dose of bickering lawyers and sexual intrigue–including a lengthy debate over whether Noguerol first had †Å"carnal intercourse† with first wife or second wife.We could draw out from the book about colonial Peru’s adherence to marriage customs, such as the endowment of dowry by the wife’s family. Francisco Noguerol's first marriage demonstrates the importance of the dowry and is an example of the â€Å"arranged marriage† that was rampant during those times. In the story, we have learned that as a young man in Spain, Noguerol agreed in a marriage arranged by his mother against his will. To wit:The marriage between Francisco and Beatriz had been arranged by their families. It was a business transaction between a wealthy merchant and less affluent gentry, where personal wishes of the young people about to be linked were not considered relevant. Doà ±a Costanza, a widow of only four years, settled a modest annuity on the young couple, but her son's allure lay in his status. The Noguerols descended from a notable family in Galicia and could clearly be categorized a s hidalgos. Cristà ³val de Santander was a merchant who could afford to endow his daughter with an enticing sum in order to attract a husband with a higher social standing.The parents had negotiated a mutually satisfying deal, and their children could only dutifully accept the terms. Francisco had protested; Beatriz had remained silent. They were betrothed, and the reluctant groom sweetened his fate with the delectable dowry. On 21 December 1530 Francisco Noguerol de Ulloa, who must have been about twenty years old, acknowledged to have received from â€Å"Cristà ³val de Santander my father-in-law† 30,000 maravedis â€Å"for the dowry and marriage that you have promised me, and that you have agreed to give with Doà ±a Beatriz de Villasur, your daughter and my spouse.† On 29 January 1532 Francisco accepted another â€Å"1,000 reales of silver that are worth 34,000 maravedis, that I receive as partial payment of the dowry,† (p. 43).After receiving a substantial dowry, Noguerol left for America, where he played a role in the Peruvian civil war and amassed a good-sized fortune. Noguerol's second marriage was by his own choice and especially his wife's choice, but it further demonstrates the importance of property for marriage. In his second marriage, Francisco received another large sum of money:Doà ±a Catalina de Vergara had agreed to marry Francisco Noguerol with the condition that he would take her back to Spain and even extracted an oath to that effect from her suitor. On the fifth day of October of 1549, the groom signed a receipt for all the goods Doà ±a Catalina was bringing as dowry, worth some 3,105,000 maravedis (p. 25).Before he was slapped with a bigamy suit, Noguerol did not know that his first wife is still alive. He married again in Peru several years after he received letters from his two sisters, who were nuns in Spain. They erroneously informed him that his first wife had died. Though neither spouse was in any way coerce d into this marriage, both were careful to choose a marriage partner with sufficient property to constitute an excellent match. But, it turns out the wives were the ones who gave large sums of money to the man they chose to marry.As soon as she learned that her husband had remarried. Dona Beatriz de Villasur initiated the dramatic bigamy suit after Noguerol began concluding his affairs in Peru and had sent a substantial amount of money to be invested in Spain, thereby alerting her and her relatives to his present prosperity. The suit was first litigated before the Council of the Indies prior to Noguerol's arrival in Spain. When he returned, he went to the ecclesiastical court to have his first marriage annulled. The suits and countersuits lasted several years and included a long period in which Noguerol was imprisoned and not permitted to live with his second wife. The Council of the Indies finally ruled in favor of Dona Beatriz, declaring Noguerol a bigamist. He was fined and exile d from several Spanish cities for several years, but he was not ordered to return to his first wife.During that time, records such as administrative documents, the proceedings of the judiciary, and the minutes of both Andean and Spanish cabildos (town councils)–were also useful, especially when analyzed document by document specifically to compare Andean and Spanish views. Punishments for bigamy could be as heavy and could even cost the life of the offender. One person, Don Juan, cacique of Collique, offered buried treasure to the Spanish official who wanted him hanged for bigamy. He successfully tricked the Spanish, at least for a short while, by sending another woman in the place of his favorite mistress to the home of a good Christian woman for religious instruction (Ramirez, 1996).During the two and a half centuries in which the Peruvian Inquisition functioned (from 1570 to 1820), some forty autos da fà © were held. In these ceremonies, the maximum punishments — à ¢â‚¬Å"relajacià ³n† (delivery to secular authorities) or death — were enforced as was forced reconciliation with the Catholic Church. Of the three thousand persons probably tried during the entire history of the Lima tribunal, only 48 were condemned. to burn at the stake.The classic and always useful Historia del tribunal de la Inquisicià ³n de Lima first published by Josà © Toribio Medina in 1887 contains a statistical summary of crimes listed most often in the Inquisition records. Heading the list is bigamy (20 percent of the cases); practicing the Jewish faith (17 percent); witchcraft (12 percent); heresy (10 percent); and solicitation by clergymen (7 percent) (see Medina 1956, 2:406-7). The leading position of bigamy can be explained by the great distance, the lengthy separations, and the difficulties in communicating that made the New World a likely setting for the proliferation of marital ties (Hampe-Martinez, 1996).Paulino Castaà ±eda Delgado and Pilar Hernà ¡ndez Aparicio (1985) explored the development of bigamy trials over the two and a half centuries of the Lima tribunal. They pointed out considerations of a canonical nature in the treatment of marriage and polygamy by the Catholic Church, above all during the Counter-Reformation. These authors demonstrated that double marriages were more common in the Indies than in Spain, a phenomenon readily explained by the distance, lengthy stays, and difficulty in communicating from the New World. Like the witchcraft trials, the number of bigamy cases increased progressively in the jurisdiction of the Lima Inquisition. Between 1700 and 1820, these two misdeeds represented almost half of all cases tried.In Good Faith and Truthful Ignorance, Doà ±a Catalina, who is the second wife, sought the needed favorable ecclesiastical ruling for Francisco. Thus, the couple appealed to the Papacy and they were endowed a Papal brief. The Pope and the Salamanca apostolic judge ruled in favor of Noguerol and Dona Catalina, returning them to married life together. Regarding marriage, Church law was more powerful than civil law.The authors found documentation for money sent much later to a member of the Roman curia, which suggests that the favorable Papal brief may have been influenced by a venal under ­ling. When Francisco Noguerol died, Doà ±a Beatriz again sued Doà ±a Catalina for the return of her dowry and half the joint earnings. The ecclesiastical court reversed their judgment and ruled in her favor. Rather than continue the litigation that might endanger her grandson's inheritance, Dona Catalina offered to settle out of court and paid Dona Beatriz an amount much larger than the original dowry.In the book, the legal position of women in Spanish colonial society had been featured. These were established by codes written in the thirteenth century (the Siete Partidas ) and the early sixteenth century (the Leyes de Toro ) and was reinforced by a corporate view of society that equa ted the authority of the paterfamilias in the nuclear family with that of the king in the monarchical state. In the public sphere, women could not vote, become lawyers or judges, or hold public office (Arrom, 1985).Married women needed the permission of their husbands to engage in many transactions, including buying or disposing of property, lending or borrowing money, and forming business partnerships. In terms of inheritance under Spanish law, daughters and sons inherited equal shares of their parents' property, and a widow generally received half of the couple's community property on the death of her husband. Any dowry a woman brought to a marriage legally reverted to her when her husband died or if the marriage was legally dissolved. Until that time, however, the husband could administer the dowry and could keep any interest that it earned (Zulawski, 1990).In Good Faith and Truthful Ignorance, we could draw out the rule before that in the matter of guardianship of their own chil dren, women's rights were limited. Only the father could give consent for a child to marry, and a widow became her own child's legal guardian only if her husband had not named anyone else in his will.  For their work, Cook and Cook have woven a commendable picture of marriage, relationships, litigation and the status of women in 16th century Spain and Peru. Packing it with lots of historical accounts and careful presentation of arguments, we could visualize both sides of the story as seen in the documents themselves and resisting the temptation to speculate without convincing evidence. However, there have been parts that felt short. Like the analysis of the Papal brief that countered the ruling of the Council of the Indies when they favored Noguerol. But, all in all, the work is commendable because the unexpected decision make the readers forget that we are reading historical accounts, which are usually boring. The writing style is exciting as it definitely intrigues it its reader s to finish the story till the end.Works CitedArrom, S.A. The Women of Mexico City, 1790-1857, Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press 1985, p. 77.Castaà ±eda, P.H. and Aparicio, P.H. The crimes of bigamy in the Inquisition of Lima, Missionalia Hispanica, Madrid, vol.   42, no. 24174, 1985.Cook, A. P. and Cook, N.D. Good Faith and Truthful Ignorance: A Case of Transatlantic Bigamy. Duke University Press, 1991Hampe-Martinez, T.   Recent Works on the Inquisition and Peruvian Colonial Society, 1570-1820, Latin American Research Review, vol. 31, 1996Ramà ­rez, S.E. The World Upside down: Cross-Cultural Contact and Conflict in Sixteenth-Century Peru, Stanford University, 1996 Zulawski, A. Social Differentiation, Gender, and Ethnicity: Urban Indian Women in Colonial

Determining the of the Effect of the Concentration of Na2S2O3 on the Rate of Reaction Essay

In this experiment we reacted different minginesss of Na2S2O3 (aq) with a invari fit passel of HCl, and mea surelyd the sequence it took for the X raddled under the beaker in dim marker to disappear. unbelief Details1. The incredulity in the volume of Na2S2O3 (aq) and H2O (l) is wedded by manufacturer of the burettes. As we sire the change in the volume in the burette, the uncertainties are added, and the dubiety in the volume is 0.1cm2. The misgiving in the HCl is given by the manufacturer of the measuring cylinder.3. The uncertainness in the time is a rough cipher calculated by me trying to utterly bankrupt the step down correspond at 5 seconds three multiplication in a row, and in distributively cases it was ab egress 0.4 seconds reply time.4. The incredulity in Total al-Quran of Na2S2O3 (aq) and H2O is found by adding the uncertainty in the volume of H2O and the uncertainty in the volume of Na2S2O3.Observations1. We stirred all(prenominal) solutions.2. The re is a small assure between when we started the stop picket and poured the HCl, as it is impossible to perfectly coordinate this.3. unspeakable smell released.4. The stirring speed was non the alike(p) for severally response, though it was attempt to be replicated equally for each reception.5. The uncertainty given by the last find on the stop watch was in truth inaccu number to use, therefore we calculated the reply time instead to give a more true uncertainty. However this evaluate has a start, so it is non necessarily accu sum up.CalculationsTo calculate the c one timentration of the Na2S2O3 in each trial, we use the equation .As for s elucidatesomenessly(prenominal) trials the volumes are all identical, we foot precisely calculate the c erstntrations for the jump trial, and use them for the second.For the inaugural solution, we apply the equation, and thus we do (10.0cm/50.0cm)*0.2 0.04M.As for the uncertainty here, we moldiness add the aliquot uncertai nty in the volume of sodium sulfate and total volume, and then breed it by the concentration. The uncertainty in the sign concentration is un cutn, so we do not use any value for it. So (0.1/10.0)+(0.2/50.0) = 0.014. 0.014*0.04 = 0.00056 0.0006.This merchant ship be repeated for all the other concentrations, and is shown in the following remit slow-wittedness of Na2S2O3 (aq) (M)Uncertainty in Concentration (M) metre for Trial 1 (0.4)(s)Time for Trial 2 (0.4)(s)0.04000.0006125.2133.20.08000.000761.465.10.12000.000940.036.70.1600.00129.129.80.2Unavailable (0)24.123.4As in the last concentration no water is added, the whole solution has the kindred concentration as the initial concentration, so the uncertainty is unknown. instanter as the volumes for some(prenominal) trials were identical, we throne find an average of the times for both trials. To do this we add the 2 values and divide by 2. For the first unitary this would be (125.2+133.2)/2 = 129.2s. The uncertainty here wou ld not be bear upon so it is still 0.4 for all times. presently that we experience these results, we can find the shape of the reaction with respect to Na2S2O3. Now as we know that in order for the x beneath the beaker to not be visible, a certain pith of the product must be produced, we assume the alike(p) amount of the products is produced in each solution. This then allows us to assume the alike(p) amount of the reactants is utilize up for the x to be organise in all experiments, so regular(a) though we do not know the change in concentration of each reaction, we know that it is ab step to the fore the aforesaid(prenominal). Therefore if we fleck 1/time against concentration, we should be able to see the relation between the concentration and the count, even though we do not shake off the correct rate.Concentration of Na2S2O3 (aq) (M)Uncertainty in Concentration (M)1/time (Rate) (mol dm-3 s-1)Uncertainty in Rate (mol dm-3 s-1)Now we can plot thisAs we can see in this chart, it is linear, and Rate is proportional to 1/time. This operator that the order of the reaction with relation to Na2S2O3 is 1.Also as the slope of the line is 0.2166, this tells us that in the rate equation K = 0.2166mol-1dm3s-1. So the rate equation is Rate = 0.2166Na2S2O3HCly. However we do not know the order of HCl as we did not vary the volume of HCl. ratiocinationTo conclude, we drive calculated the order of the reaction with respect to Na2S2O3 to be 1. This was efficiently by experimentation calculated as shown by the graph above. The graph is in truth fitting, and there are no anomalous points on it. As the R value is so tightly fitting to 1, we can see that our line fits genuinely well, and that the results are quite precise. Also as we can see from the graph, while the y intercept is supposed to be 0, it is 0.0009. This is cod to positive fracture. While this is not 0 like would be ideally, this is not a problem as it is a very small number, and rather insig nificant as it would be nearly impossible to contribute absolutely no systematic geological fault. This error could put up been ca apply by multiple things, though there were no factors that particularly bear upon the results significantly. The result is extremely accurate, as we were told by our teacher the expected order was 1.military ratingImprovementsEven though the x disappeared, this does not mean the equivalent amount of set up was formed. As the x disappearing is a very unreliable method as the amount of precipitate formed could be more or less(prenominal) in each trial, even if the x disappears. This means we save to obligate the assumption that the same amount of precipitate was formed so that the same number of moles are used up, allowing us to find the rate and order. This added to our systematic error, thus less to slightly less accurate results as some points may have taken more or less time than needed.Also one of the most error ca exploitation points for s ure in this experiment is deciding when the x had disappeared, as I recall innumerable times in which it had looked like it had disappeared, further it was not completely. However, I did attempt to stop the stop watch at the same point for each one to make it a fair test. As it was undecipherable at times whether or not the x had disappeared, this would have led to an ontogeny in rate in some trials, and a decrease in rate in others, so the overall order is unknown.The x drawn could have been drawn bigger and with thicker ink allowing it to stand out overmuch more. This would have meant that as it was easier to see, once it had disappeared completely I would easily be able to tell that it had disappeared as it stands out more.Alternatively, a light amount could have been used, which detects the levels of light1. A light source can be place above the beaker, much(prenominal) as a simple lamp. at one time enough precipitate has formed, the light meter should detect no light. The data can either be measured using a data logger, which would be started when the reaction was started, and automatically stopped by the light meter, or simply using a stop watch however starting line and stopping the time according to the light meter.The temperature in this experiment was not maintained. though the reactions all took place in the same room within a 1 hour range, the temperature may have wide-ranging in that time, so the rates could have gone up or downhearted depending on the temperature of the room, which could have slightly impact our results. This would have also contributed to the systematic error in the experiment. Furthermore, the temperature during each trial may have also not remained regular, which could have led to slightly different calculated rates.The temperature could have been monitored during each trial so we can see when the rate could have been affected by a ascent/fall in temperature. Also if the room was air-conditioned at a constant tem perature, this would have meant the room temperature would stay the same (assuming no windows/doors are opened in the time).The uncertainty in the stop watch was much small than the actual uncertainty, so I attempted to find my reaction time, which was 0.4. However, when conducting the experiment it is impossible to tell if every time my reaction time was that, as it may have been more or less. This may have increased or decreased the uncertainty here.I could have taken a larger range of samples for my reaction time to get a more accurate value.As I poured the HCl and started the stop watch at the same time, this meant there was a small train between when I poured the HCl in and when the stop watch was started. This means that the time was a little bit less than it had to be, once again adding to the slight systematic error.I could have gotten a fellow kinfolk mate to press the stop watch as soon as I poured the HCl in, so that there was a much small delay, and more precise resul ts, as well as a smaller systematic error.